Showing posts with label home. Show all posts
Showing posts with label home. Show all posts

Monday, May 7, 2012

Sexting on the rise among Singapore teens?

Today on Sunday, Sunday, May 06, 2012, Page 2, SundaySpecial, Columns
From http://www.todayonline.com/PDFViewer/PDF/20120506/0605FFW002.pdf
Source Website: http://www.todayonline.com/Sunday/SundaySpecial/EDC120506-0000006/Sexting-on-the-rise-among-Singapore-teens?
By Teo Xuanwei, todayonsunday@mediacorp.com.sg, 04:45 AM May 06, 2012



PHOTO: “Some think ‘this will not happen to me’, or ‘I can always go back to my normal life after a few years if the pictures are leaked’. But teenagers need to realise it’s not as private as they think ... Once leaked, it isn’t something that can just be erased ... (Exposure) could lead to bigger issues, like depression, breakdown in family relationships or an inability to trust.”
Copyright © MediaCorp Press Ltd
http://imcmsimages.mediacorp.sg/cmsfileserver/showimageCC.aspx?350&450&f=2110&img=2110_566924.jpg
http://www.todayonline.com/Sunday/SundaySpecial/EDC120506-0000006/Sexting-on-the-rise-among-Singapore-teens?


Those who send nude pictures of themselves often don't think it's wrong or potentially harmful

Every other week, Annie (not her real name) would send her boyfriend, who is serving National Service, a couple of pictures of herself in the nude.

"When he asked for it initially, I thought, 'It could be fun, and it will keep him missing me', so I started doing it. It definitely builds up the excitement until he meets me on weekends," the 18-year-old undergraduate said. "I don't think it's a big deal because it's quite common. I've heard of several people doing it."

Indeed, of the 10 male and female teenagers aged between 14 and 19 Today spoke to, all said they think "sexting" is now commonplace among their peers - pointing to the rising prevalence of such a phenomenon here, apparently.

Said Colleen Ng, 16: "Some of my friends already post very 'daring' photos on their Facebook page or blog. I'm quite sure that they are sexting with their boyfriends, too."

Andrew Lim, 16, added: "Some of my friends have shown me such pictures on their phones but I'm not sure if the girls are their friends or girlfriends or not."



PHOTO: "Some of my friends already post very 'daring' photos on their Facebook page or blog. I'm quite sure that they are sexting with their boyfriends, too."
http://nebulos.net/wp-content/videoimages/img_24877_california-on-sexting.jpg
http://nebulos.net/2011/02/13/media/favourites/california-on-sexting-24877


IS IT REALLY WIDESPREAD?

Some experts, however, believe sexting is not as widespread here as some may perceive. There has been no in-depth research of this issue locally. The anecdotal (based on casual observations) evidence is sometimes conflicting.

UniSIM Business School's head of communication programme Brian Lee, who has conducted various studies in youths' media behaviour over the past decade, said a survey he conducted among 420 polytechnic students a few months ago showed that less than 1 per cent of the respondents sent or received sexts.

But focus groups that he had conducted revealed that "almost all" the participants had heard that their friends had received or sent such messages, Dr Lee added.

Ms Iris Lin, a senior social worker with Fei Yue Family Service Centre, said they have not come across any youths who have sought help because of issues relating to sexting.

But she disagrees that the practice is not prevalent (commonly occurring) - the truth of the matter "depends on whether and how much the youths want to reveal" when asked, she said.



PHOTO: If you take a nude photo of yourself, and send it to another person, then that photo text becomes propery of the receiver. What they do with it is their choice, UNLESS, they try to make profit off your photo.
http://fitsnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Sexting.jpg
http://www.fitsnews.com/2012/03/01/teen-sexting-ban-because-sc-has-no-real-problems-right/


OUT FOR INSTANT GRATIFICATION (sensual, satisfaction)

Whether or not sexting is catching on among teenagers here, the experts concur that the age of this vulnerable group alone is cause for greater scrutiny and safeguards.

"Some youths may think the physical aspects of a relationship are everything or worry that, if they turn down the request, they may be seen as not exciting, spontaneous or bold enough," said Ms Lin. "The possible consequences (of sexting) are in their heads, but it's not enough to stop them because they care only for instant gratification most of the time."

Mr Daniel Koh, a psychologist at Insights Mind Centre, added: "Some of them think: 'This will not happen to me', or 'I can always go back to my normal life after a few years if the pictures are leaked'. But teenagers need to realise that it's not as private or confidential as they think it is, even if they are sending to someone they feel they can trust. Once leaked, it isn't something that can just be erased."

He noted that accidental exposure of these intimate photos or videos could also go beyond the embarrassment and shame. "It could lead to bigger issues, like depression, breakdown in family relationships or an inability to trust," he said.



PHOTO: Teenagers need to realise that it's not as private or confidential as they think it is, even if they are sending to someone they feel they can trust. Once leaked, it isn't something that can just be erased." Asp is an old term used to describe a venomous snake.
http://blog.echopulse.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/cd20110603.jpg
http://blog.echopulse.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/


NEED FOR STRONGER LAWS

Zoe (not her real name), the only other teenager among those interviewed by Today who revealed she engages in sexting, said she recently realised the gravity of the situation should things go awry, after reading about a court case in March.

A young couple was charged in court for extorting money from a man after they scammed him into undressing in front of a webcam.

Said the 17-year-old: "I never felt anything in the past when I watched the leaked videos of celebrities or sex pictures of some local polytechnic girls. It was only after the case that I seriously thought of the possible scenarios - if my nude photos are leaked because my boyfriend loses his handphone, or if our relationship suddenly goes wrong."

Stronger laws - it is already an offence to possess, circulate or distribute obscene materials in Singapore - could be part of the solution, opines Dr Lee. Although it might be a stop-gap solution, it will "send a strong signal to youths", he said.

Besides educating young children on cyber wellness, Ms Lin said parents need to impart values to their kids.

She said: "It's about going beyond the knowledge that some things are wrong, but why it is wrong."
By Teo Xuanwei, todayonsunday@mediacorp.com.sg, 04:45 AM May 06, 2012


PHOTO: The most serious sexting case to date concerns Jessica Logan, 18, from Ohio. Using her mobile, she sent her then boyfriend a nude photograph of herself – but after they broke up he sent it to their friends. Logan was labelled a ‘slut’, ‘skank’ and a ‘whore’. She started skipping school to avoid her tormentors. Eventually, she hanged herself, leaving her phone in the centre of the room where she committed suicide.
Today on Sunday, Sunday, May 06, 2012, Page 3, SundaySpecial, Columns



I never felt anything in the past when I watched the leaked videos of celebrities or sex pictures of some local polytechnic girls. It was only after the case (a man scammed into undressing in front of a webcam) that I seriously thought of the possible scenarios - if my nude photos are leaked because my boyfriend loses his handphone, or if our relationship suddenly goes wrong.
PHOTO: Sexting: "I never felt anything in the past when I watched the leaked videos of celebrities or sex pictures of some local polytechnic girls. It was only after the case (a man scammed into undressing in front of a webcam) that I seriously thought of the possible scenarios - if my nude photos are leaked because my boyfriend loses his handphone, or if our relationship suddenly goes wrong."
https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw9ZeWTlssHb3N7MCNhZY0T2Z7xpmGf45VR7ScJotdItBtk7gyv8AR1IBQllipn3MaiNXBZEFc8Tbx30mM1mD2puWgEM4CFJw0UpGF7Zc6IL3Zddrc3vj-3rnpCf2nTG-mRi1dnHh3gfh9/s1600/sexting_by_chatgr-d4vseu3.jpg
http://fc00.deviantart.net/fs70/f/2012/101/b/f/sexting_by_chatgr-d4vseu3.jpg
http://chatgr.deviantart.com/art/Sexting-295258395


Reference

Saturday, April 21, 2012

Our Speak Mandarin campaign

Today on Sunday, Sunday, April 22, 2012, Page 8, Parent To Parent
From http://www.todayonline.com/PDFViewer/PDF/20120422/2204FFW008.pdf
Source Website: http://www.todayonline.com/Columns/ParenttoParent/EDC120422-0000004/Our-Speak-Mandarin-campaign
By June Wan, todayonsunday@mediacorp.com.sg, 04:45 AM Apr 22, 201




PHOTO: 习惯成自然 Xi guan cheng zi ran (make it a habit and it becomes natural)
Copyright © MediaCorp Press Ltd
Today on Sunday, Sunday, April 22, 2012, Page 8, Parent To Parent



I failed Chinese in school - but my experiment in talking to my son only in Mandarin has been a resounding success


In a cab the other day, the small one started talking about the colour of the vehicle. This is a blue "de shi", he piped, using the Mandarin term for taxi.

The taxi driver asked why I had taught him "de shi". No one will understand you when you go home, he warned.

Back where you come from, taxis are called "ji cheng che", aren't they? he continued.


PHOTO: Our experiment to speak to the little one in only Mandarin from birth, to see if he picks up the language, has succeeded. Now three-and-a-half years old, he rattles to me in Mandarin and switches effortlessly to English when conversing with his daddy.
http://behance.vo.llnwd.net/profiles/60307/projects/100215/603071213697888.jpg
http://www.behance.net/gallery/speak-mandarin-campaign/100215



No, I said, we know them as "de shi".

Aren't you from China? he queried.

No, we are Singaporeans, I replied.

Oh, you've got your PR already, he quipped.

Er no, we're born and bred here, Uncle, I said.

But your son speaks like he's from China! the taxi driver exclaimed.

Whoo-hoo! I silently rejoiced. It worked!




PHOTO: Speak Mandarin Campaign
http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2539/4117262430_02bdb333e8_o.jpg
http://chopchopcurrypok.com/?cat=30


Yes, my experiment to speak to the little one in only Mandarin from birth, to see if he picks up the language, has succeeded. Now three-and-a-half years old, he rattles to me in Mandarin and switches effortlessly to English when conversing with his daddy, who did the English version of the experiment.

Having failed Chinese as a second language during my A-levels (and having to retake the exam so as not to have to attend Chinese camp at university), this was not a small decision. It was hard work!

I had to do mental translations before speaking to him. Google Translate became my new BFF (Best Friends Forever). I dusted off my old Chinese-English dictionaries from my parents' place and hauled them home. The radio became permanently tuned to 88.3FM.


PHOTO: Speak Mandarin Campaign
http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2547/4117262328_0a5382a163_o.jpg
http://chopchopcurrypok.com/?cat=30



I could not scold him as easily because I did not know what words to use in Mandarin. And we'd be brushed aside or appallingly served at certain shops and restaurants (or encounter the opposite in service when we spoke Queen's English instead).

But eventually, over the weeks, it became easier. Xi guan cheng zi ran (make it a habit and it becomes natural), as the Chinese idiom goes.



PHOTO: Speak Mandarin Campaign.
Web Design, Graphic Design, Illustration
http://behance.vo.llnwd.net/profiles/60307/projects/100215/603071213697970.jpg
http://www.behance.net/gallery/speak-mandarin-campaign/100215



SO HE CAN CHAT WITH SWEDES AND POLITICIANS


The little one was subject to all this also because of his older brother, who refused to acknowledge Chinese at two-and-a half years of age, when he could read English independently.

He told me not to speak to him in Mandarin. He preferred English, and that was that. So he was devouring Enid Blyton at age three-and-a-half, and the English newspapers a year later. But attempts to re-introduce him to Mandarin failed.

I'd read that children could pick up a language easily through regular exposure to it, so the little one became my guinea pig. The main aim was just for him not to have to go through the same Mother Tongue learning struggles that I did in school.



PHOTO: From chinese medicine to comics, Ms Lim Siew Gek’s lessons make learning Chinese a cool thing to do.
Ms Lim’s special TCM-infused lesson for her school’s Pri 2 curriculum has been so successful that colleagues, parents and pupils named her for the Most Outstanding CL Lesson Plan award in 2006. Since then, Ms Lim has shared her lesson plans with many other schools in Singapore, even going as far as China.
http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3048/3039893589_503cf89e84.jpg
http://www.schoolbag.sg/archives/2008/11/teachers_who_make_mother_tongu.php


And having failed in this aspect with his older brother, I was determined to succeed with him. There were other reasons, too, of course:

- The world is flat, and China is shifting to the centre of the world map. Mandarin, the most common language in the world, is spoken by almost a fifth of the globe's population. In years to come, there will be even more Mandarin speakers.

- So if he travels to Sweden when he grows up, he'll have no problem getting around. After all, last year, Sweden's Education Minister Jan Bjorklund announced that all Swedish primary schools should offer Chinese lessons.


PHOTO: The language of our forefathers – are we missing something?
By Zyberzitizen, Posted by theonlinecitizen on February 28, 2007
http://djhchinesekidz.blogspot.com/2009/11/only-bad-memories-of-chinese-lessons.html
http://theonlinecitizen.com/2007/02/the-language-of-our-forefathers-are-we-missing-something/



- So that he can, if he ever meets them, converse easily with overseas politicians who are fluent in Mandarin:

Former Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd; United States Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner; former US Ambassador to China (and Singapore!) and former presidential candidate Jon Huntsman ...

- So that back home, he will be able to

(i) order food at a hawker centre,
(ii) chat with taxi drivers and
(iii) gossip with aunties and grannies at the void deck.
PHOTO: 新的《讲华语运动》标语。觉得如何?- The new "Speak Mandarin Campaign" slogan. Like it?
Author: Danny Yeo
杨君伟
http://blog.omy.sg/dannyyeo/files/2011/07/Speak-Mandarin-Campaign-2011-new-slogan.jpg
http://blog.omy.sg/dannyyeo/archives/category/%E8%AF%B4%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/page/8


ENGAGE BRAIN - ON BOTH SIDES


And of course, there's all that talk about how beneficial learning more than one language can be.

A 2003 study in Britain found that it takes more brainpower to speak Mandarin, as both sides of the brain are engaged to understand the language. (Apparently this ability to engage both sides of the brain is exclusive to the Chinese language.)

I was also inspired by an interview with a local professor of Chinese language and culture who revealed that he spoke to his daughters only in Mandarin when they were growing up. They'll pick up English when they go to school, he'd said.



PHOTO: Speak Mandarin Campaign
http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/34940_story_images-tm.jpg?w=400&h=262
http://listverse.com/2010/02/26/10-modern-cases-of-linguistic-genocide/



Amazingly, despite my basic level of Chinese, the little one learnt. In his younger days, before he realised that his daddy could understand Mandarin as well, he would translate his demands if his father was slow to respond: "Socks, Daddy, socks. Wa zi!"

Even better, because the older one is also exposed to Mandarin when I speak to his little brother, he has re-absorbed the language.

Now I have a new problem. Because my knowledge of Mandarin is basic - about kindergarten level - I can only teach my boys this much.


PHOTO: Girl's poster: "Grandma, please speak Mandarin."
Grandma (in Cantonese): "You got to be kidding!"

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdPKZhWA5NgxjFRj3srFeElex-NZ8cjj7m6At1f-wAxFTh36Wzo3I4RcifKXAElHrwOPzl-RXrZVSrYlKJEbH2EPKHNkqI7yoTnYMzY12wb9ePWxEIOADsrCn6tVVPNOy1obX1LO391QOt/s1600/speak_mandarin_cartoon.jpg
http://chinamusictech.blogspot.com/2010/08/is-cantonese-in-danger-of-extinction.html



We still speak in Mandarin but, last month, the boys started a Chinese enrichment programme. They love it, and I am glad that they now have exposure to the language from the experts. In the meantime, I need to buck up and improve on my Mandarin skills.

After this, we'll try Malay.
By June Wan, todayonsunday@mediacorp.com.sg, 04:45 AM Apr 22, 2012
June Wan has two boys.


Reference

Being yourself at work is not good for your career, study claims


Source Website:  
http://www.todayonline.com/World/EDC120419-0000141/Being-yourself-at-work-is-not-good-for-your-career,-study-claims
By AGENCIES, 02:45 PM Apr 19, 2012


 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/9212438/Being-yourself-at-work-is-not-good-for-your-career-study-claims.html
By Murray Wardrop, The Telegraph, 6:15AM BST 19 Apr 2012



 LONDON - Honesty is often said to be the best policy in social situations but being yourself at work is not a good idea for your career, research suggests.

While revealing your true character to a partner or friends is likely to make you happier, experts claim doing so at the office is not a recipe for promotion.

Scientists assessed levels of "authentic self expression" in 533 volunteers to see how far they opened up to people they interacted with socially.

 
PHOTO: Be careful what you share on the social-networking giant Facebook.
Nicholas Kamm / AFP - Getty Images
http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/j/MSNBC/Components/Photo/_new/111103-facebook-h.photoblog600.jpg
http://travelkit.msnbc.msn.com/_nv/more/section/archive?date=2011/11
 


The Daily Telegraph reported that the results showed that participants were more likely to "be themselves" with partners, followed by friends and then parents. However, they were much less likely to show their true self to work colleagues.

Those who opened up to their partners tended to have greater well-being and were more satisfied with life. But the same benefits were not seen from being authentic at work.

 
PHOTO: Your partner will - subconsciously - enjoy the security of bragging to her friends about your efforts
From Beyond foto - beyond fotomedia - Getty Images
http://db3.stb.s-msn.com/i/8A/F64A9AA982735D76362153F0BB18DC.jpg http://him.uk.msn.com/sex-and-dating/why-men-should-care-about-valentines-day
 


Dr Oliver Robinson, from the University of Greenwich in London, said: "You hear self-help gurus say that the secret of happiness is 'being yourself' or 'expressing your true feelings', but that doesn't seem to apply in the workplace.  

"So in some circumstances, it may be that a polite smile or tactfully keeping quiet may be more conducive to your well-being than saying what you actually think and feel to work colleagues."


The results were presented at the annual meeting of the British Psychological Society, taking place in London.
By AGENCIES, 02:45 PM Apr 19, 2012
By Murray Wardrop, The Telegraph, 6:15AM BST 19 Apr 2012





PHOTO: While revealing your true character to a partner or friends is likely to make you happier, experts claim doing so at the office is not a recipe for promotion.
Photo: ALAMY
http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02196/B36D5H_2196941b.jpg
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/9212438/Being-yourself-at-work-is-not-good-for-your-career-study-claims.html


 

Reference
 

Saturday, April 14, 2012

Stamp - Reservoirs of Singapore

Source Website:
http://www.singpost.com/download/AboutSingPost/Media/NewsReleases/2012/pr20120321.pdf
https://shop.vpost.com.sg/vPOSTMall/execute/viewCatalog?catalog=CSD12
https://shop.vpost.com.sg/
http://www.singpost.com.sg/

World Water Day 2012 Celebrated on the Reservoirs of Singapore Stamp Issue
Date of Issue: 22 March 2012



PHOTO: Reservoirs of Singapore - Set of Stamps
Illustrated by Singapore Urban Sketcher’s artist, Don Low, the commemorative stamps features 10 designs of Singapore’s reservoirs.
Date Of Issue : 22 Mar, 2012
Local Price : S$ 3.80
Overseas Price : S$ 3.80
https://shop.vpost.com.sg/vPOSTMall/images/philatelic/CSD12ASTb.jpg
https://shop.vpost.com.sg/vPOSTMall/execute/viewDetail;jsessionid=ZDP4PJ0RVWlS5LDWJptZwnz612myHSnJpTJl15vswNKvRzq7hWNv!-1105376238?itemSku=CSD12@^CSD12AST


Singapore, 21 March 2012 – To celebrate World Water Day 2012, SingPost will be issuing a commemorative stamp issue, Reservoirs of Singapore, in 10 designs featuring reservoirs of the country’s drinking water supply.

Observed every year on 22 March, the World Water Day, an initiative that grew out of the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), aims to raise global awareness on the importance of water and advocates for the sustainable management of water resources.



PHOTO: Reservoirs of Singapore - Presentation Pack
Date Of Issue : 22 Mar, 2012
Local Price : S$ 5.65
Overseas Price : S$ 5.30
https://shop.vpost.com.sg/vPOSTMall/execute/viewDetail?itemSku=CSD12@^CSD12PR
https://shop.vpost.com.sg/vPOSTMall/images/philatelic/CSD12PRb.jpg



PHOTO: Reservoirs of Singapore - Artprint with Folder
*Limited quantity only!*
Date Of Issue : 22 Mar, 2012
Local Price : S$ 29.90
Overseas Price : S$ 27.95
https://shop.vpost.com.sg/vPOSTMall/images/philatelic/CSD12AFLb.jpg
https://shop.vpost.com.sg/vPOSTMall/execute/viewDetail?itemSku=CSD12@^CSD12AFL


Stamps Commemorating World Water Day 2012
The five reservoirs illustrated on the 1st Local stamps are the Jurong Lake, Punggol Reservoir, Lower Seletar Reservoir, Serangoon Reservoir and Marina Reservoir; and on the 50-cents stamp, Lower Peirce Reservoir, MacRitchie Reservoir, Bedok Reservoir, Pandan Reservoir and Upper Seletar Reservoir.



PHOTO: Jurong Lake



PHOTO: Punggol Reservoir



PHOTO: Lower Seletar Reservoir



PHOTO: Serangoon Reservoir



PHOTO: Marina Reservoir



PHOTO: Lower Peirce Reservoir



PHOTO: MacRitchie Reservoir



PHOTO: Bedok Reservoir



PHOTO: Pandan Reservoir



PHOTO: Upper Seletar Reservoir


Besides this set of 10 stamps worth S$3.80, other stamp products of this issue include a set of two Pre-cancelled First Day Covers affixed with stamps (S$5.35) and the Presentation Pack (S$5.65). All first day covers will be cancelled with the Reservoirs of Singapore datestamp.





PHOTO: Set of 10 stamps worth S$3.80


All these stamp products will be on sale from 22 March 2012 at all post offices and the Singapore Philatelic Museum. Orders can also be made at SingPost’s online shopping portal vPOST, http://shop.vpost.com.sg.

World Water Day 2012 Activities
• Limited edition art prints of the Reservoirs of Singapore stamp issue on sale
In conjunction with the World Water Day celebrations on 24 March 2012, SingPost will specially issue a set of limited edition art prints of the Reservoirs of Singapore stamp issue priced at S$29.90. SODA members will enjoy a discounted price of S$25. This limited edition art prints will only be available on sale on 24 March 2012 at SingPost booth at the Marina Barrage. Orders can also be made at SingPost’s online shopping portal vPOST, http://shop.vpost.com.sg. SODA members can send in their orders via the special order form posted to them.

• Mini-stamp exhibition
There will be a mini-stamp exhibition showcasing stamps and postcards relating to the theme, water - our precious resource at the Marina Barrage. The Reservoirs of Singapore stamp issue will also be on display.

• Autograph session
Additionally, there will be an autograph session with the designer of the Reservoirs of Singapore stamp issue, Don Low.



PHOTO: The artist, Don Low, autographing prints of Reservoirs of Singapore illustrations at World Water Day
http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7085/7023202147_6e3c00bc55_z.jpg
http://artitute.com/2012/03/28/urbansketcher-don-low-stamp-launch/


Don is a fulltime illustrator for books, magazines and advertising agencies and his specialties include character design, animation designs, creating storyboards, and comics. His favourite traditional media includes watercolor, pen & ink, pencil and acrylics. He works digitally with all Adobe programs, Corel Painter and Autodesk Maya, specialising in 3D modelling, texture painting and CG lighting. He hopes to publish his comic books and work full time on his animated film. He is also a member of the Urban Sketchers, a local sketching group.





PHOTO: Pre-cancelled First-Day Cover affixed with stamps S$5.35*


Items on Sale Price
First Day Cover (without stamps) S$0.25*
Complete set of stamps S$3.80
Pre-cancelled First-Day Cover affixed with stamps S$5.35*
Presentation Pack S$5.65*


Technical Details
Date of Issue : 22 March 2012
Denominations : 1st Local x 5 designs and 50-stamp x 5 designs
Stamp Size : 50mm x 40mm
Perforation : 14.40 x 14.00
Paper : Unwatermarked
Printing Process : Offset Lithography
Printer : Southern Colour Print
Sheet Content : 10 stamps per sheet
Designer : Don Low

* Prices inclusive of prevailing GST for purchases within Singapore


Reference